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AI Governance and Institutional Readiness in Public Sector Systems: A Comparative Study Between India and Nigeria

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Authors : Linda John Obiorah, Banavath Ananditha, Mrinalini Menon, Paridhi Passi, B. R. Sanjeev Naick

Citation :

Linda John Obiorah, Banavath Ananditha, Mrinalini Menon, Paridhi Passi& B. R. Sanjeev Naick. (2026). AI Governance and Institutional Readiness in Public Sector Systems: A Comparative Study Between India and Nigeria. Institute For Policy Research and Governance, 1(14). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21479014

Linda John Obiorah, Banavath Ananditha, Mrinalini Menon, Paridhi Passi& B. R. Sanjeev Naick. (2026). AI Governance and Institutional Readiness in Public Sector Systems: A Comparative Study Between India and Nigeria. Institute For Policy Research and Governance, 1(14). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21479014

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Abstract :

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is proving to be a crucial technology to enhance public service and governance. This paper examines how governance frameworks and institutional capacities shape AI adoption and management within government systems. By adopting a qualitative comparative case study analysis, using India and Nigeria as primary cases and South Korea as a benchmark for successful AI governance implementation, this paper examines the governance and institutional preparedness of AI in the public sector and identifies practical lessons on building governance structures and institutional foundations for responsible AI adoption. The analysis suggests that India possesses a more evolved framework for AI governance, enforced by the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (2018), and the India AI Mission (2024), a well-developed digital public infrastructure, and a strong focus on the development of skills and training. The National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2024) indicates Nigeria’s growing institutional commitment to AI, as well as notable strides towards preparedness. South Korea is introduced as a benchmark, representing a more advanced AI governance model that offers concrete lessons for developing economies. Despite these disparities, the common concerns include the disconnect between policy aspirations and policy implementation, difficulty in developing specific AI laws, and concerns about accountability, transparency, bias, privacy and digital inclusion. The study calls for specific AI legislation, autonomous regulatory bodies, and more effective data governance between developing countries. It contends that institutional building and the institutionalization process are key to having responsible, sustainable and adaptive AI governance in the Global South, and that governance progress must be measured against concrete indicators like enforcement action, institutional capacity, digital literacy rates, public accountability and operationalization of independent bodies rather than policy adoption alone.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence Governance, Institutional Readiness, Public Sector AI, Digital Governance, AI Regulation.

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Shaping of Perceptions & Misperceptions Among Masses During War Escalations : A Comparative Analysis of Information Dynamics, Media Influence, and Perception Management

Authors : Hridoy Pran Sarma , Ashi Agrawal

Abstract :

In the modern-day world, war is not only about fighting on the battlefield but also
manipulating the belief of the opponent country using intelligence. During war escalation, people form opinions based not on their personal experience, but from news stories and government releases, along with other posts on social media. As a result, they become more susceptible to misperceptions; these are misconstrued situations employed to frighten, sow discord and garner the unthinking support of the public for the providing of military firepower. Due to an increase in the use of social media and modern means of communication, this task has become even easier as not everyone is well-equipped to measure what is happening during wars. Misconceived observations of the conflict can aggravate and harm the process of resolution. The paper seeks to ascertain the role of the government and media in distorting the public opinion during wars by analysing case studies such as Russia – Ukraine War and other major wars worldwide. Usage of management perceptions, misinformation, and the war in which does escalate.

Keywords:
Perception Management, Misinformation, War Escalation, Public Opinion, Media Literacy, Information Warfare.

Addressing the Interconnected Impacts of Climate Change on Vulnerable Communities through Integrated Policy Interventions and Emerging Technologies for Equitable Climate Adaptation

Authors : Rijjul Madaan , Danusri J , Saanvi Srivastava , Ochia Mathew Chidike , Richik Ghosal , Ritvik Sharma

ABSTRACT

Climate change is reshaping where and how vulnerable communities are able to live, while unequal access to mobility, energy and adaptive resources shapes their capacity to respond. This paper thus attempts to ask; what are the interconnected impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities, and how can integrated policy interventions leverage emerging technologies to advance equitable climate adoption? It draws on a collaborative section based qualitative analysis of government, UN, and academic secondary sources, and examines climate-induced migration through Sundar Sarukkai’s framework of lived experience freedoms; to be a part of, to leave, and to modify an environment. This exhibits how caste, gender,and household wealth can shape who is able to migrate, who is left behind as a “trapped population”, and who benefits from remittance- funded adaptation. It then traces how the same structural inequality shapes energy insecurity in India, and by means of a comparative case study, in Nigeria, where climate driven mobility redistributes rather than resolves energy demand. The paper thus evaluates the capacity of emerging technologies; GIS, remote sensing, digital twins, and artificial intelligence, to move adaptation planning across tangents from being reactive in nature to anticipatory in practice. It however also acknowledges that technological maturity is consistently outpaced by institutional and data constraints, and AI governance introduces its own risks around bias, privacy, and accountability that must be managed alongside its benefits. Synthesising these findings, the paper proposes an integrated policy framework of five interdependent pillars; vulnerability mapping, mobility planning, climate energy planning, anticipatory technology governance, and equitable AI governance. These, put together, argue that equitable adaptation depends less on developing new technology than on embedding it within functioning, accountable and public centred institutions.

Keywords:
Climate-induced migration; Energy insecurity; Emerging technologies; AI governance; Climate adaptation policy; Vulnerable communities; India–Nigeria comparative analysis

Crowdsourced Intelligence vs. AI Propaganda: The Challenges of Global Governance in the Age of Digital Warfare

Authors : Pragati Khanna , Harsh Dixit , Jannet Emma Tonateni Fransisco , Varsha Dhio Dora , Trisha Dev

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence has fundamentally changed the modern digital operation, whereby creating a constant struggle between what is perceived to be true and the human reality. This study uses a qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study using secondary data from academic journals, policy documents and institutional reports to examine the interaction between crowdsourced Open-Sourced Intelligence (OSINT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) driven propaganda in modern warfare, alongside the global governance challenges that arise from their interaction. Findings reveal that there is a serious tension within the digital information ecosystem: whilst generative Artificial Intelligence promotes public opinions to spread disinformation and misinformation that is persuasive and may manipulate political processes, crowdsourced intelligence offers real-time verification and transparency. There are Regulatory Frameworks such as the European Union’s AI Act and Digital Services Act that serve as blueprints to counter AI-driven manipulation from technical solutions to the adoption of human-centered governance models. Ultimately, the study demonstrates that it is important to maintain digital information integrity by balancing computational tools with collaborative human verification to foster resilience against any revolving threats in digital security and global governance.

Keywords :
Artificial Intelligence, Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT), Crowdsourced Verification, AI-Driven Propaganda, Digital Warfare, Global Governance, Disinformation, Epistemic Sovereignty.

CHOKEPOINTS CUT BOTH WAYS: U.S. Advanced Semiconductor Controls and China’s Critical-Mineral and RareEarth Controls, October 2022–June 2026

Authors : Mpilontle Mbambo , Dhanvi Sharma , Vanshika Lodhi , Sampurna Bhowmik

Abstract

Export controls are increasingly central to U.S.-China economic competition. This article compares U.S. restrictions on advanced semiconductors and semiconductor-manufacturing capabilities with China’s controls on selected critical minerals, rare-earth elements, magnets, and related technologies between October 2022 and June 2026. It distinguishes three forms of strategic leverage: denial, bargaining, and informational leverage. Drawing on weaponisedinterdependence theory, the analysis examines regulatory design, implementation, disruption, and adaptation. The comparison suggests that U.S. controls can slow frontier capability accumulation but depend heavily on allied coordination, while Chinese controls can generate faster supply disruption but also stronger incentives for diversification. In both cases, leverage is conditional on administrative capacity, coalition cohesion, substitutability, and the speed of network escape.

Keywords:
weaponised interdependence; semiconductors; critical minerals; rare earths; export controls; geoeconomics; United States-China rivalry; supply-chain security; economic statecraft

Gendered Human Capital Misallocation in India: Education, Labour Market Barriers, and Policy Failure

Authors: Simran Sinha; Beaulah Anton; Priyansi; Rezaa Sharma

Abstract:

India has made significant progress in expanding female education, yet women’s labour market outcomes remain disproportionately poor. This study reframes this paradox as an issue of gendered human capital misallocation, rather than a deficit in skill formation. It examines how the gendered labour market constraints impede the educated women from productive employment, leading to underutilisation of skills and decreased economic efficiency.

Utilising a qualitative-descriptive approach and secondary data from multiple databases, this paper examines unemployment, occupational segregation, unpaid care work, and wage disparities between educated women and their male counterparts. The findings show a persistent education-employment paradox: increased female education correlates with high unemployment, informalisation, and labour force withdrawal. These patterns are driven by demand-side discrimination, inflexible work arrangements, safety and challenges in mobility, and unequal distribution of care responsibilities. The analysis argues that government policies have largely prioritised educational expansion without addressing labour market absorption, therefore sustaining gendered inefficiencies. Addressing this inefficient allocation is what makes it important for optimal human capital utilisation and for inclusive economic growth.

Keywords:
Human Capital, Female labour, Labour market segmentation, Gender wage gap, public policy, employment, Human capital misallocation

Trending but Not Transforming: Generation Z’s Social Media Activism and Its Diplomatic Impact in International Relations

Authors : Gayatri Gaikwad , Mehak Bhutani , Amina Dossa, Shalini Sarkar, Zainab Amjad

Abstract :

Generation Z the cohort born between approximately 1997 and 2012 has emerged as the most digitally mobilised generation in political history, leveraging platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, X and Discord to organise transnational advocacy and challenge entrenched governance structures. Yet a critical paradox persists ,the generation that trends globally rarely transforms diplomatically. This paper examines the relationship between Generation Z’s social media activism and its tangible impact on international relations, arguing that while digital activism has democratised political expression and produced measurable domestic disruptions, its structural conversion into lasting diplomatic outcomes remains limited and uneven. Drawing on comparative case studies alongside empirical evidence from quantitative platform studies and theoretical frameworks of soft power, generational theory, and networked social movements, this paper identifies the conditions under which digital youth activism does and does not translate into diplomatic recalibration. It further interrogates platform architecture, disinformation dynamics, and the mobilisation-distraction paradox as structural constraints on Gen Z’s diplomatic agency. The findings suggest that while Generation Z constitutes a genuinely novel geopolitical force, the efficacy of their digital activism in reshaping international relations depends critically on context, institutional responsiveness, and the capacity to bridge online momentum with sustained offline institutional engagement.

Keywords –
Gen z, Diplomacy , Social Media ,Digitalisation